Fire Safety Glossary

Approved Document B is the UK Building Regulations guidance document covering fire safety in the design and construction of new buildings and major extensions. It sets requirements for means of escape, internal fire spread, compartmentation, external fire spread, and access for the fire and rescue service, and references British Standards — including BS 5839 and BS 5266 — for specific technical requirements.

BAFE (British Approvals for Fire Equipment) is an independent third-party certification body that assesses fire protection companies and individuals against defined competence standards. BAFE schemes cover fire risk assessment (SP205), fire detection and alarm systems (SP203-1), portable extinguisher servicing (SP101), and emergency lighting (SP205-2), providing responsible persons with a verifiable measure of contractor competence recognised by fire and rescue authorities and insurers.

BS 5839 is the British Standard covering the design, installation, commissioning, and maintenance of fire detection and alarm systems in the UK. It is published by the British Standards Institution (BSI) and is divided into multiple parts, each covering specific building types or system components.

BS 9999 is the British Standard providing a comprehensive, risk-based code of practice for fire safety in the design, management, and use of buildings. It offers an alternative compliance route to Approved Document B, enabling greater design flexibility through detailed fire engineering analysis. BS 9999 covers compartmentation, means of escape, detection, suppression, and management procedures across the full lifetime of a building.

The Building Safety Act 2022 is major UK legislation establishing a new regulatory framework for the design, construction, and occupation of higher-risk buildings — defined as residential buildings of 18 metres or more, or at least 7 storeys. It created the Building Safety Regulator, introduced the Principal Accountable Person role, and significantly strengthened legal obligations around fire and structural safety in high-rise residential buildings.

An Emergency Response Standard is a risk-based target that sets the required response time and minimum number of firefighting staff to attend emergency incidents. Each UK fire and rescue service sets its own standards based on local risk assessment and publishes them in its Integrated Risk Management Plan.

The Fire Safety (England) Regulations 2022 are secondary legislation under the Fire Safety Act 2021, introducing additional fire safety duties for responsible persons of multi-occupied residential buildings in England from January 2023. Requirements include quarterly inspections of communal fire doors, provision of fire safety instructions to residents, and — for buildings above 18 metres — installation of an evacuation alert system and a building information box for the fire service.

The Fire Safety Act 2021 amended the Regulatory Reform (Fire Safety) Order 2005 to explicitly bring the structure, external walls (including cladding and balconies), and flat entrance doors of multi-occupied residential buildings within scope of fire safety law. The Act was introduced in direct response to findings from the Grenfell Tower fire inquiry and came into force in England and Wales in August 2021.

Fire safety protection is the activity undertaken by fire and rescue services to advise, inspect, and enforce fire safety standards in regulated premises, primarily under the Regulatory Reform (Fire Safety) Order 2005. Protection officers audit premises, issue enforcement notices, and prosecute non-compliant duty holders.

Higher-risk buildings (HRBs) are multi-occupied residential buildings that are 18 metres or more in height, or have at least 7 storeys, as defined by the Building Safety Act 2022. They are subject to the most stringent fire and building safety requirements in England, including registration with the Building Safety Regulator, appointment of a Principal Accountable Person, and compliance with the Fire Safety (England) Regulations 2022.

His Majesty's Inspectorate of Constabularies and Fire and Rescue Services (HMICFRS) is the independent body that assesses the effectiveness and efficiency of police forces and fire and rescue services in England, publishing inspection reports to hold services publicly accountable.

The Regulatory Reform (Fire Safety) Order 2005 (RRO) is the primary fire safety legislation in England and Wales, applying to all non-domestic premises. It places a legal duty on the responsible person to carry out a fire risk assessment, implement appropriate fire safety measures, and maintain them effectively. Non-compliance can result in unlimited fines or imprisonment of up to two years.

The responsible person is the individual or organisation with control of a non-domestic premises who, under the Regulatory Reform (Fire Safety) Order 2005, has a legal duty to take reasonable steps to reduce the risk of fire, protect occupants, and maintain fire safety measures — including carrying out or commissioning a suitable fire risk assessment.